Considered the first day of spring and most important of national holidays in Vietnam, Tet is the annual Vietnamese New Year celebration, coinciding with the Lunar New Year celebrated throughout the world in January or February. Technically, "Tet" is a shortened (thank goodness!) form of Tết Nguyên Đán, a way to say "Lunar New Year" in Nigeria is one of the world's most ethnically diverse countries. The Hausa and Yoruba make up around 21 percent of the population; the Igbo/Ibo, 18 percent; the Fulani, around 11 percent; and Ibibio, 5 percent. Nigerians practice traditional African religious beliefs in addition to various branches of Islam and Christianity. Muslims make up Just a few of the listed inventions that originate from China include: paper- making, gunpowder, silk, magnetic compass, abacus, ink, wheelbarrow, Chess, tea, paper money, seismograph, kites and umbrellas. By contrast, Chinese view the US as a relatively "new" country with little history of only 200 years. Here, the idea of ' ikkai ichi dōsa ' or 'one thing at a time' is very important. If you buy something at the supermarket, it is best to take it home to eat. If you buy food from a stall in the street, there is often seating provided to eat at. Eating on the sacred grounds of temples and shrines is extremely disrespectful! Language barriers and cultural traditions that put a premium on living with and caring for the elderly further complicate the issue at a time when the population of older Asian-Americans is surging. . Vietnamese are a Southeast Asian ethnic group originally native to modern-day Northern Vietnam and southern China. The native language is Vietnamese. It is the most widely spoken Austroasiatic language. The diverse cultural traditions, geographies, and historical events have created distinct regions in the country. Vietnam has unique culture and tradition that has been passed over for millennia. Many ethnic groups inhabit the highlands. Therefore the culture has varied in the central region, sharing characteristics including the way of life. This has led to numerous special festivals where it shows belief and traditions. It is worth enjoying some of the festivals in Vietnam to get a better understanding of the peaceful country. Here are some of the 10 Vietnamese you should know 1. vietnamese people worship their ancestors The Vietnamese ancestor believed to continue to live in another realm. It was the duty of the living beings to meet their need. In return, the ancestor would give advice and bring good fortune. A small altar is usually placed in every house in Vietnam. It is used to commune with the departed ones. Some of the rites consist of making offerings of fruits, food, wine votive paper, lighting candles and also burning incense before praying in front of the altar. 2. Hung King Temple Festival Hung King Temple Festival is a national event. It is normally held in Phu Tho. The event takes place annunciator to commemorate Hung kings the founder of the nation. During this festival people all over the world and living abroad head from the main temple on Nghia Linh, Phu Tho to take part in the meaningful festival. The atmosphere of the festival is bustling with different folks with games like human chess, bamboo swings, rice cooking competitions, wrestling, and lion dance. 3. Celebration of the baby’s first month Vietnamese people celebrate one month of baby. It is like commemorating a president’s first 100 days in office. While Vietnamese mothers are expected to rest indoors without taking a shower for a month after giving birth. At the celebration friends and family present mother and child with luck money. 4 Visit/perfume the pagoda festival Perfume pagoda festival is the most popular festival in Hanoi. The festival draws visitors all over Vietnam to the iconic perfume pagoda. During the spring season, many Vietnamese go to pagodas. Praying is one of the most important activities in Huong Tich cave. It is believed that if you pray here to get a son/ daughter by touching the mountain the wish will come true. If you touch the silver/ gold trees in the cave you can pray for wealth and prosperity. 5. Eating the boiled chicken Boiled chicken is a strong cultural indicator that the Vietnamese continue to serve in any traditional holiday meal. In Vietnamese whether it’s a wedding party, new year holiday, or any other holiday there is no proper meal will be served without a boiled chicken cooked with handed-down skills. 6. Traditional costumes of Vietnam Vietnam has 54 tribes and every tribe has its traditional costumes. The traditional dress of the Vietnamese people has changed significantly from time to time. The common people of the country had greater freedom to choose their clothing under the Nguyen dynasty. During the Nguyen dynasty, several restrictions were placed on the type and the colours of clothes that should be worn by the common people of Vietnam. Some examples of traditional Vietnamese costumes include the Ao Giao Linh, Ao Tu Than, Ao Canh, and the Ao BaBa. The first one refers to a cross-collared robe worn by Vietnamese men while the second is a four-part dress worn by women. 7. Martial Arts in Vietnam Vietnam’s traditional martial art is Vovinam. The country has a very well-developed tradition of martial art. It has some similarities to that of Chinese martial arts. Vietnamese vovinam martial arts philosophy guides the martial art practice in the country. The martial art is associated with intense spirituality because of its association with Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism. The scissor kicks are a famous movement in this form of martial arts. 8. Buddha’s birthday Buddha is a religious and also a national festival. Buddha’s birthday became a significant event for Vietnamese people. They celebrate commemorating the birth and enlightenment and the death of buddha. Before the celebration, hundreds of monks and thousands of people tend to gather in big pagodas chosen to act as the holding place. These pagodas are cleaned and decorated with buddha’s statue in the middle of a pink lotus. They are surrounded by colourful lanterns, different kinds of flowers, and small lotus flowers. During the festival, sacred rituals like offering incense and flowers are done to celebrate the birthday. people actively participate in charity activities like helping the unlucky, mentally retarded, and the elderly. 9. Vietnamese music and dance Vietnam is associated with a rich tradition of dance and music. The Vietnamese music exhibited variance in every part of Vietnam. It is older and more formal in the north while Champa culture exerts considerable influence on central classical music and the music of the southern part of the country. The country has nearly 5o national musical instruments. Some important traditional forms of Vietnamese music include imperial court music and ca tru. The great ethnic diversity of Vietnam has gifted the country with diverse dance forms. These dances are normally performed at the cultural program and festivals that are held in the country. Some of the traditional dance forms in Vietnam include the lion dance, platter dance, fan dance, and imperial lantern dance. These dances developed in the imperial courts of Vietnam. They are quite complex. 10. Lunar new year is more about the family reunion It is also known as the Tet holiday. The Vietnamese new year takes place from the first day of the first month of the lunar calendar. It is around late January or early February and lasts for at least 3 days. This is a joyful family reunion full of smiles and blessings to express filial piety. the family bonds and the desire for the coming year full of happiness and also the prosperity and the goodness. Ivone Discover Walks contributors speak from all corners of the world - from Prague to Bangkok, Barcelona to Nairobi. We may all come from different walks of life but we have one common passion - learning through travel. Whether you want to learn the history of a city, or you simply need a recommendation for your next meal, Discover Walks Team offers an ever-growing travel encyclopaedia. For local insights and insider’s travel tips that you won’t find anywhere else, search any keywords in the top right-hand toolbar on this page. Happy travels! Vietnamese culture and traditions date back thousands of years and they live by a set of shared values. Some of the important values in Vietnamese culture include not being perceived as embarrassing or aggressive, strong academics, respect for elders, optimism, and downplaying individualism in favor of family and community. Art, Literature, Music, and DanceArt in Vietnam is mainly influenced by Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism. Silk painting is a popular art form and is very colorful. Calligraphy and woodblock prints are also popular art forms. To unlock this lesson you must be a Member. Create your account Many Vietnamese people live by Confucianism, which is more of a social philosophy than a religion. It has a code of conduct that regulates relations between people. It revolves around the belief that if people are in harmony with one another, they will be in harmony with the universe. It places Vietnamese values of good name, respect, love of learning, and loyalty to the family at the forefront. Confucianism is prevalent in many of the aforementioned festivals and ceremonies. Faiths of VietnamBuddhism is the mainstream religion in Vietnam. It is widely accepted and practiced by a little over half of the population. Eleven religions are recognized in Vietnam. The next most prevalent after Buddhism are Catholicism, Cao Dai, Hoa Hao, and Protestantism. Other religions beyond these five make up only of the population. To unlock this lesson you must be a Member. Create your account Traditions in Vietnam are very important. The traditional dress consists of a long gown with pants underneath, called an ao dai. Red symbolizes luck, white and black symbolize mourning. Vietnamese weddings and funerals both contain important ceremonies. The weddings consist of multiple months of preparation, including a proposal ceremony, engagement ceremony, nuptial ceremony, and feast celebration. Funerals consist of a wake at home, sometimes for several days, followed by a funeral and elaborate funeral procession. Tet Nguyen Dan, or lunar new year, is the biggest celebration in Vietnamese culture. It is celebrated for several days with special meals and traditions. Liberation Day and National Day are civic holidays celebrated in Vietnam. Three popular religious holidays are Wandering Souls Day, Buddha's Birthday, and the Mid-Autumn Lantern Festival. Vietnamese culture and values date back thousands of years and are deeply ingrained. Popular art forms are silk painting, calligraphy, and woodblock prints. Music varies based on the area in Vietnam. Dance is diverse and important for ceremonies and traditions. Some dance is very intricate and requires much practice. Vietnamese martial arts is growing in popularity around the world. It follows the philosophy Viet Vo Dao. Confucianism drives much of the values in Vietnam. Important values include respecting elders, valuing food, quiet demeanor/saving face, respect, loyalty to the family, and gift-giving. To unlock this lesson you must be a Member. Create your account The Vietnamese society has a strong system of values and ethics that define the actions of most individuals. It's based on four pillars, which are the good name, respect, learning, and family. Having a good name is fundamental and more important than any material possession. A person with a good reputation is respected and admired, while someone who has a bad name is often marginalized. People work on building a good name during their entire lives and try to leave a positive image after their death. Respect is a central part of the Vietnamese values system. People are expected to show respect to every individual, especially those who are older or hold a higher status. Such regard is commonly expressed in words and actions, including specific linguistic titles and body gestures. Learning is considered more valuable than wealth, and knowledge is seen as a virtue. Highly educated people, like scholars or teachers, enjoy a high esteem, respect, and veneration. Learning is regarded as a fundamental step for improving socioeconomic status. The family is the heart of the Vietnamese culture, and loyalty to it is a fundamental value. Each individual is expected to care for his family and to make efforts for becoming a reason of pride for them. Similarly, an individual's wrongdoing is often blamed both on him and his family. Culture and TraditionsRegardless of modern western influences and some restrictions imposed by the communist regime, many traditional elements are still present in the Vietnamese culture, and people feel proud of their unique customs and celebrations. The ao dai is popularly considered the national dress. It consists of a long tunic-like gown with splits on the side that go up to the waist. It's worn over trousers that almost touch the floor. The ao dai used to be worn by men and women but now is almost exclusively a feminine attire often made to fit the body. On a daily basis, however, most people wear western clothes. Buddhism is the main religion in Vietnam, and both the Theravada and the Mahayana currently coexist. Confucianism, Taoism and Catholicism are also present, with a smaller number of followers. Given the importance of the family, many people live with their extended families. Several generations often share the same house and many daily activities. Traditional marriage rituals include two ceremonies. The first in an engagement celebration in which the groom and family visit the bride and family and bring them presents. Both families decide the date for the wedding. The nuptial ceremony includes another visit to the bride's house to take her to the groom's place. There, the couple prays at an altar, the union is consecrated, and a reception is held. Families see elders with esteem, and it's common to organize special celebrations of longevity when someone reaches a milestone age, like 60, 70 and so on. It's an occasion to show respect and devotion, and the honoree receives gifts. Red dresses are a common gift for older women. VietnamLocated south of China, east of Laos and Cambodia, and with a long coastline over the South China Sea, we find Vietnam. This nation of Southeast Asia has a beautiful and rich culture, shaped by centuries of combining traditions and foreign influences. Among other things, the Vietnamese are known for their hospitality, respectful manners, and delicious food. ValuesThe Vietnamese society has a strong system of values and ethics that define the actions of most individuals. It's based on four pillars, which are the good name, respect, learning, and family. Having a good name is fundamental and more important than any material possession. A person with a good reputation is respected and admired, while someone who has a bad name is often marginalized. People work on building a good name during their entire lives and try to leave a positive image after their death. Respect is a central part of the Vietnamese values system. People are expected to show respect to every individual, especially those who are older or hold a higher status. Such regard is commonly expressed in words and actions, including specific linguistic titles and body gestures. Learning is considered more valuable than wealth, and knowledge is seen as a virtue. Highly educated people, like scholars or teachers, enjoy a high esteem, respect, and veneration. Learning is regarded as a fundamental step for improving socioeconomic status. The family is the heart of the Vietnamese culture, and loyalty to it is a fundamental value. Each individual is expected to care for his family and to make efforts for becoming a reason of pride for them. Similarly, an individual's wrongdoing is often blamed both on him and his family. Culture and TraditionsRegardless of modern western influences and some restrictions imposed by the communist regime, many traditional elements are still present in the Vietnamese culture, and people feel proud of their unique customs and celebrations. The ao dai is popularly considered the national dress. It consists of a long tunic-like gown with splits on the side that go up to the waist. It's worn over trousers that almost touch the floor. The ao dai used to be worn by men and women but now is almost exclusively a feminine attire often made to fit the body. On a daily basis, however, most people wear western clothes. Buddhism is the main religion in Vietnam, and both the Theravada and the Mahayana currently coexist. Confucianism, Taoism and Catholicism are also present, with a smaller number of followers. Given the importance of the family, many people live with their extended families. Several generations often share the same house and many daily activities. Traditional marriage rituals include two ceremonies. The first in an engagement celebration in which the groom and family visit the bride and family and bring them presents. Both families decide the date for the wedding. The nuptial ceremony includes another visit to the bride's house to take her to the groom's place. There, the couple prays at an altar, the union is consecrated, and a reception is held. Families see elders with esteem, and it's common to organize special celebrations of longevity when someone reaches a milestone age, like 60, 70 and so on. It's an occasion to show respect and devotion, and the honoree receives gifts. Red dresses are a common gift for older women. To unlock this lesson you must be a Member. Create your account Located in the easternmost part of mainland southeast Asia, Vietnam is home to million people. Though the country is officially atheist—a result of its Communist history—most Vietnamese peoples’ lives are influenced by at least one major world religion. Fast Facts Religion in Vietnam Vietnam is officially a secular state, as a result of its Communist past, but Confucianism, Christianity, Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, and folk religion are all folk religion is a mixture of world religions and indigenous faiths, but it focuses mostly on the reverence for symbols of from China had an influential impact on the sociopolitical structure of historical Vietnam and the practice of folk religion. A majority of Vietnamese people are religiously unaffiliated, meaning they do not openly or consistently practice belief in a singular God or Higher Power. However, Vietnamese people have a strong sense of respect and veneration for ancestors and spirits, as nearly half of the population is associated with Vietnamese folk religion. Dao Mau, a distinct Vietnamese folk religion, is considered to be the oldest religion in the country, but Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism came to Vietnam through China fairly early in the historical record. Though the country was colonized by France, it was the Portuguese in the 16th century that brought Christianity—specifically, Roman Catholicism—to Vietnam. Hinduism and Islam are present in the country, though only practiced within small communities of ethnic minorities. Vietnam is home to several unique branches of religion, including Cao Dai, a type of 20th century nonviolent monotheism. For ease of understanding, this article uses the term “Vietnam” to refer to the geographical region that has historically been home to a multitude of nations and civilizations. Vietnamese Folk Religion This Bich Dong Pagoda was built to honor the Buddha and Mau Thuong Ngan, the Goddess of the Forest. sergwsq / Getty Images More than 45% of the population of Vietnam is associated with traditional Vietnamese folk religion, though in the spirit of true folk religions, the association influences daily spiritual experiences rather than a liturgical doctrine. Vietnamese folk religion dates back to human prehistory, though as a result of a thousand years of Chinese control over Vietnam, aspects of traditional beliefs are closely associated with Confucianism. Elements of Vietnamese folk religion vary depending on the region, but typically include reverence for natural deities and ancestral spirits and hierarchical sociopolitical and personal relations for the purpose of maintaining harmony. There is also strong emphasis on traditions and rituals, though, like most folk religions, there is no singular sacred doctrine or text. Folk religion in Vietnam features aspects of Christianity, Buddhism, and Shintoism, particularly in the veneration of heavenly beings, gods and goddesses, ancestral spirits, legendary cultural heroes, emperors and political leaders, and even deities of surrounding kingdoms, like the Khmer empire of Cambodia and the Cham in what became southern Vietnam. The focal point of Vietnamese folk religion is the observation of and respect for divinity, with little emphasis on the origins of the divine. Practice of folk religion is typically done in temples where deities are enshrined. Many of these temples, particularly in northern Vietnam were destroyed in the mid-20th century, between the end of the dynastic period in 1945 and the early 1980s. The spread of Communism in Vietnam also spread an anti-religious sentiment that led to cultural dismantling of religious beliefs in Vietnam and, later, the physical destruction of religious temples and institutions. The Vietnam War also severely damaged remaining temples and religious structures. The end of the Vietnam War sparked a revival in Vietnamese folk religion in an attempt to reclaim a national pride and unified identity. Dao Mau One of the oldest recognized folk religions of Vietnam, Dao Mau, is the ethnically-based worship of the "mother goddess". Known as Mau, the mother goddess can be personified as a singular entity, in the form of Mother Earth, for example, or a multitude of goddesses that also relate to healing and fertility. The worship of female goddesses in Vietnam can be traced back to prehistory. The Communist government of Vietnam outlawed many of the practices of Dao Mau, and the practices remained illegal until the end of the 20th century. Confucianism and the Chinese Impact Dating back to the ancient world, China and Vietnam historically have had close, though rarely peaceful, relations. China exerted its imperial strength over Vietnam for a thousand years before Vietnam fought for and won independence from China in 939 Though this independence movement came relatively early in the historical record, China had been in Vietnam long enough for a cultural exchange, particularly of Confucian values. The Temple of Literature Van Mieu Hanoi. Degist / Getty Images In contrast to its Buddhist neighbors in southeast Asia, Vietnam’s sociopolitical system resembled a pyramid, with the emperor at the top, much like China. While the emperor in China was considered to be divine, the emperor of Vietnam was, at most, a liaison between the natural and supernatural world. China’s most influential contribution to Vietnam was the highly structured sociopolitical hierarchy that stems from Confucianism. Social harmony was maintained by strict adherence to prescribed relations, and upward mobility and political advantage were possible through honorable scholastic achievement and hard work, though in practice this applied mostly to the elite and rarely to the lower class. The centuries-old division between the upper and lower classes of Vietnam ultimately lead to the crisis in the mid to late 20th century. However, the physically exhausting work of rice cultivation built strong bonds amongst the peasantry that was also fueled by Confucian values. Christianity Though the state maintains its secularism, about million Vietnamese, around 7%, identify as Catholics, and million, or just under 2%, identify as Protestant. Pilgrims and locals take part in the procession of Baby Jesus led by Bishop Joseph Nguyen Nang during the Christmas Midnight Mass on the site of Phat Diem Cathedral on December 24, 2018 in Kim Son District, Ninh Binh Province, Vietnam. Linh Pham / Getty Images As the first group of Europeans to reach southeast Asia in search for spices, the Portuguese brought with them Roman Catholicism and a desire to convert indigenous people. By the 18th century, the French had invaded Vietnam from the south, hoping to infiltrate and dominate trade routes between Vietnam and China. The French didn’t realize, however, that the geographical proximity to China did not guarantee established trade routes between the countries. In fact, Vietnam had kept Chinese involvement at arms-length for centuries. However, the French did maintain a colony in Vietnam, even with the limited trade opportunity with China, and they attempted, with some success, to overhaul Vietnamese traditional beliefs and practices with French culture. However, French colonization was never able to eliminate indigenous languages and beliefs. It is important to note that the divine, saintly status afforded to many mythical Vietnamese heroes does include both Joan of Arc and Victor Hugo, an indicator that French culture influenced at least a minor aspect of folk religion in Vietnam. Buddhism More than of Vietnamese people associate with Buddhism in modern Vietnam. As in most countries in southeast Asia, it arrived via trade routes between China and India. The strong Confucian traditions that created the Vietnamese sociopolitical system changed the forms in which Buddhism was understood and experienced in Vietnam. Panorama of Buu Long Pagoda in Ho Chi Minh City. A beautiful buddhist temple hidden away in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Mongkol Chuewong / Getty Images While Buddhism tended to lead to chaos in surrounding countries, according to the Chinese historical record, the Vietnamese placed emphasis on the practice of rites and rituals as a form of spirituality to maintain systematic order. Caodaism A relatively new, monotheistic belief, Caodaism was established in southern Vietnam in 1926. Caodaists follow strict ethical practices in order to leave the cycle of reincarnation to join God in heaven. Caodaists are vegetarian or vegan, and they practice nonviolence. Like other religious institutions during the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s, Caodaist temples were seized by the state and converted into factories. Less than 1% of modern Vietnamese identify as Caodaist. Group of people praying in a monastery, Cao Dai Monastery - Cao Dai Holy See Temple -Tay Ninh, Vietnam. Pham Le Huong Son / Getty Images Hinduism Like Buddhism, Hinduism entered Vietnam via trade routes, specifically from India. Hinduism thrived in the Champa kingdom, located in what is now southern Vietnam. The Champa kingdom began to shrink as early as the 12th century, though it wasn’t officially annexed into Vietnam until the 19th century. Ethnically Cham people still live in parts of southern Vietnam, and they make up the majority of Vietnamese that practice Hinduism, though that number is less than 1%. Sources Bielefeldt, Heiner. Press Statement on the visit to the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam by the Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion or Belief. Geneva, Switzerland Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, 2014. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. 2018 Report on International Religious Freedom Vietnam. Washington, DC Department of State, 2019. Farid, Shaikh. “Caodaism A Syncretistic Religion of Vietnam.” The CDR Journal, vol. 1, no. 1, June 2006, pp. 53– Ho Tai. “Religion in Vietnam.” Asia Society, Aug. Charles. Catholic Vietnam a Church from Empire to Nation. University of California Press, Milton E. Southeast Asia An Introductory History. 11th ed., Allen & Unwin, Research Center. Folk Religionists. Washington, Pew Research Center, Heidhues, Mary. Southeast Asia A Concise History. Thames & Hudson, 2000.“The World Factbook Vietnam.” Central Intelligence Agency, Central Intelligence Agency, 1 Feb. 2018. AbstractIn this chapter we shall describe the way in which some Vietnamese people cope with death and dying. The beliefs, fears and rituals of people in the north of Vietnam are investigated. Despite some cultural differences, they are quite similar to people in other parts of the and dyingBeliefFearRitualAttitude ReferencesDieu Hien, T., & Hoang, R. N. 2000. Death rituals in Vietnamese society. Seattle University of Washington. Google Scholar Gruenewald, D. A., & White, E. J. 2006. The illness experience of older adults near the end of life A systematic review. Anesthesiology Clinics, 24, 16380. Google Scholar Hanh, T. N. 2003. No death, no fear Comforting wisdom for life Reissue edition. New York Riverhead. Google Scholar Owens, C. O., & Lundgren, K. 2002. Medical examiner dialogue Vietnamese Buddhist. Seattle University of Washington. Google Scholar Rao, J. K., Anderson, L. A., & Smith, S. M. 2002. End of life is a public health issue. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 233, Google Scholar Scherer, Y., Jezewski, M. A., Graves, B., Wu, Y. W. B., & Bu, X. 2006. Advance directives and end-of-life decision making survey of critical care nurses knowledge, attitude, and experience. Critical Care Nurse, 264, 30– Google Scholar Vietnamese Cultural Profile. 2009. Diversicare, PO Box 5199. Google Scholar Wright, A. A., et al. 2008. Associations between end-of-life discussions, patient mental health, medical care near death, and caregiver bereavement adjustment. JAMA, 30014, Google Scholar Download referencesAuthor informationAuthors and AffiliationsHanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, VietnamNguyen Duc Son & Giap Binh NgaAuthorsNguyen Duc SonYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google ScholarGiap Binh NgaYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google ScholarCorresponding authorCorrespondence to Nguyen Duc Son .Editor informationEditors and AffiliationsHampshire College Retired, Amherst, MA, USAHelaine SelinEmeritus Professor of Politics and Environmental Studies, Hampshire College, Amherst, MA, USARobert M. RakoffRights and permissionsCopyright information© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AGAbout this chapterCite this chapterSon, Nga, 2019. Death and Dying Belief, Fear and Ritual in Vietnamese Culture. In Selin, H., Rakoff, eds Death Across Cultures. Science Across Cultures The History of Non-Western Science, vol 9. 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